Handle any sort of cycle encountered in the datatype super fields by
always deferring that field until later and setting a deferred mechanism
for updating the field only after the supertype is ready.

Fix #52660

(cherry picked from commit c94b1a3)

Backported PRs:
- [x] #51095 <!-- Fix edge cases where inexact conversions to UInt don't
throw -->
- [x] #52583 <!-- Don't access parent of triangular matrix in powm -->
- [x] #52645 <!-- update --gcthreads section in command line options -->
- [x] #52423 <!-- update nthreads info in versioninfo -->
- [x] #52721 <!-- inference: Guard TypeVar special case against vararg
-->
- [x] #52637 <!-- fix finding bundled stdlibs even if they are e.g.
devved in an environment higher in the load path -->
- [x] #52752 <!-- staticdata: handle cycles in datatypes -->
- [x] #52758 <!-- use a Dict instead of an IdDict for caching of the
`cwstring` for Windows env variables -->
- [x] #51375 <!-- Insert hardcoded backlinks to stdlib doc pages -->
- [x] #52994 <!-- place work-stealing queue indices on different cache
lines to avoid false-sharing -->
- [x] #53015 <!-- Add type assertion in iterate for logicalindex -->
- [x] #53032 <!-- Fix a list in GC devdocs -->
- [x] #52748 
- [x] #52856 
- [x] #52878
- [x] #52754 
- [x] #52228
- [x] #52924
- [x] #52569 <!-- Fix GC rooting during rehashing of iddict -->
- [x] #52605 <!-- Default uplo in symmetric/hermitian -->
- [x] #52618 <!-- heap snapshot: add gc roots and gc finalist roots to
fix unrooted nodes -->
- [x] #52781 <!-- fix type-stability bugs in Ryu code -->
- [x] #53055 <!-- Profile: use full terminal cols to show function name
-->
- [x] #53096 
- [x] #53076 
- [x] #52841 <!-- Extensions: make loading of extensions independent of
what packages are in the sysimage -->
- [x] #52078 <!-- Replace `&hArr;` by `&harr;` in documentation -->
- [x] #53035 <!-- use proper cache-line size variable in work-stealing
queue -->
- [x] #53066 <!-- doc: replace harr HTML entity by unicode -->
- [x] #52996 <!-- Apple silicon has 128 byte alignment so fix our
defines to match -->
- [x] #53121 

Non-merged PRs with backport label:
- [ ] #52694 <!-- Reinstate similar for AbstractQ for backward
compatibility -->
- [ ] #51479 <!-- prevent code loading from lookin in the versioned
environment when building Julia -->

Handle any sort of cycle encountered in the datatype super fields by
always deferring that field until later and setting a deferred mechanism
for updating the field only after the supertype is ready.

Fix JuliaLang#52660

(cherry picked from commit c94b1a3)